Lyme Disease: Symptoms, Treatment, and Prevention

Causes and Transmission

Black-legged ticks acquire the bacterium Borrelia burgdorferi while feeding on infected animals like deer, mice, or birds. When these infection-carrying ticks come in contact with humans and get a chance to stay attached to their bodies for at least 36 hours, the bacteria fully transmits to the new host, which is how people catch Lyme disease. Although such cases are more common in summer, this transmission can occur year-round in areas with mild winters. Although dangerous, Lyme disease is not contagious between people, so it's important not to panic and instead show compassion to the person diagnosed with the ailment.

Symptoms of Lyme Disease

Lyme disease symptoms vary depending on its stage. Early symptoms (three days to a month after tick bite) include —

• Erythema migrans rash:

A red bull's-eye pattern rash, sometimes appearing solid red or oval.

• Flu-like symptoms:

Fever, chills, headache, fatigue, and muscle aches.

• Swollen lymph nodes:

Lymph nodes near the tick bite may become swollen and tender.

Later-stage symptoms (weeks to months after infection) can include —

• Multiple rashes:

Additional rashes may appear on different body parts.

• Neurological problems:

Facial paralysis, numbness, tingling, weakness, and difficulty concentrating

• Joint pain and swelling:

Severe pain along with inflammation, especially targeting large joints

• Heart problems:

Although rarely, Lyme disease can impact one's heart rhythm.

Children with Lyme disease may exhibit similar symptoms but might also show psychological changes like anger, aggression, mood swings depression, and nightmares. If your child experiences these symptoms after a tick bite, consult a doctor promptly.

Diagnosis

Diagnosing Lyme disease can prove to be challenging due to its mimicking symptoms of other illnesses. Doctors typically analyse a person’s medical history and perform a physical examination, looking for the characteristic rash and other symptoms. Blood tests are used, but they may not be reliable in the early stages. At-home testing kits are available but are not always accurate and shouldn't replace professional diagnosis. Tick testing for Lyme disease is also not recommended by the CDC.

Treatment Options

The effectiveness of Lyme disease treatment depends on the infection stage.

• Early-stage treatment:

Early diagnosis and treatment are crucial for a full recovery. Antibiotics are the mainstay of Lyme disease treatment, typically lasting 10-14 days.

• Later-stage treatment:

For advanced Lyme disease or cases affecting the nervous system or heart, intravenous (IV) antibiotics followed by oral antibiotics may be necessary (14-28 days). Few cases also warrant hospitalisation for monitoring or managing any heart rhythm abnormalities. Lyme arthritis, a late-stage symptom, is also treated with antibiotics for 28 days.

Removing a Tick:

If you find a tick on your body, remove it promptly and properly using clean, blunt-tipped tweezers. Grasp the tick firmly near its head, close to the skin. Pull gently and steadily upwards without twisting or jerking. Once removed, place the tick in a sealed packet/container and dispose of it properly. Clean the bite area with soap and water and disinfect it with rubbing alcohol. Look out for any signs of rash or infection in the area. Consult a doctor if you experience Lyme disease symptoms.

Tips to Prevent Lyme Disease

While a vaccine isn't currently available, several measures can significantly reduce your risk of infection, such as —

• Avoid tick habitats:

Stay on cleared paths and avoid overgrown vegetation in wooded areas, tall grass, and brush.

• Wear protective clothing:

When venturing into tick-infested areas, wear long pants, long-sleeved shirts, and hats. Always tuck your pants into your socks for added protection.

• Use insect repellent:

Choose an EPA-registered insect repellent containing DEET (20-30% concentration) or picaridin. Always apply repellent according to the product label instructions.

• Conduct tick checks regularly:

After spending time outdoors, you must conduct a thorough body check for ticks, especially in areas like the groin, armpits, behind the ears, and the scalp. Parents should also check their children for ticks.

• Remove ticks immediately:

If you find a tick on your body, remove it carefully using the steps mentioned earlier.

• Protect Your Pets:

Pets can carry ticks and bring them indoors. Consult your veterinarian before administering medication for tick prevention to your pets. Regularly checking your pets for ticks is also vital.

Complications and Long-Term Effects

While most people with Lyme disease who receive early treatment make a full recovery, some may experience long-term effects, such as —

• Post-Treatment Lyme Disease Syndrome (PTLDS):

Even after proper antibiotic treatment, some individuals (around 5-15%) may experience lingering fatigue, aches, or headaches for several months. PTLDS doesn't necessarily indicate an ongoing infection, and symptoms typically resolve on their own within six months.

• Chronic Lyme Disease:

The term "chronic Lyme disease" is used by some to describe persistent symptoms after treatment. If you experience symptoms after completing antibiotic treatment, consult your doctor to explore other potential causes.

Living with Lyme Disease

If you've been diagnosed with Lyme disease, here are some key points to remember:

• It is essential to diagnose and treat the ailment early. The sooner you receive treatment, the higher your chances of a full recovery.

• Complete the entire course of antibiotics as your doctor prescribes, even if you start feeling better.

• Be patient. Recovery from Lyme disease, especially in later stages, can take time.

• Maintain a healthy lifestyle. You can support your well-being during and after treatment by de-stressing, eating a balanced diet, and getting adequate sleep to rejuvenate.

• Listening to your body is of utmost importance. It is crucial to contact your doctor if you experience any new or recurring symptoms after treatment.