Vertigo: Causes, Symptoms, Diagnosis and Treatment

What is Vertigo?

Vertigo is not a standalone disease but rather a symptom of various underlying conditions. It is often described as a spinning or whirling sensation that makes you feel as if you or your surroundings are moving, even when you are still. Episodes of vertigo can vary from mild to severe and may last seconds, minutes, or even longer.

Types of Vertigo

There are two main types, based on where the problem originates:

• Peripheral Vertigo

It is caused by problems in the inner ear, which controls balance. Common causes are Benign Paroxysmal Positional Vertigo (BPPV), Meniere’s disease, vestibular neuritis, and others.

• Central Vertigo

It is linked to issues in the brain, such as the cerebellum or brainstem. The common causes are migraines, stroke, or tumours.

Symptoms

Vertigo can be accompanied by a variety of symptoms, which may include:

• Spinning sensation (feeling as if you or the room is moving)

• Dizziness or light-headedness

• Nausea or vomiting

• Loss of balance, making it hard to walk or stand

• Headaches (sometimes)

• Tinnitus (ringing in the ears)

• Abnormal eye movements (nystagmus)

Causes

Different factors can trigger the condition. The causes of vertigo can be —

• Inner ear problems:

The most common cause, especially with conditions like BPPV, Meniere’s disease, or labyrinthitis

• Head or neck injuries:

Trauma can damage the inner ear or brain areas that control balance.

• Migraine:

Some people experience vertigo as part of a migraine attack.

• Medications:

Certain drugs, like antibiotics or loop diuretics, can affect ear function and cause vertigo.

• Stroke or brain conditions:

Vertigo may be a symptom of a stroke or neurological issue.

Risk Factors

Some factors increase the likelihood of experiencing vertigo, such as —

• Older adults are more prone to balance problems.

• Women are slightly more likely to experience vertigo than men.

• Those with a history of ear infections or disorders are more likely to develop vertigo.

• Individuals who have suffered a previous head or neck injury may experience vertigo.

• Certain medications that affect balance (e.g., sedatives or blood pressure drugs) may lead to vertigo.

Diagnosis

Diagnosing vertigo involves various tests to determine the underlying cause. These include:

• Physical examination:

The doctor will review your medical history, perform balance and coordination tests, and observe your eye movements.

• Hearing and balance tests:

These assess inner ear function and identify any problems related to vertigo.

• Imaging tests:

If a brain-related cause is suspected, an MRI or CT scan may be used to get a clearer picture.

Treatment of Vertigo

Treating vertigo depends on the underlying cause. Common treatment options include:

1. Medications

• Antihistamines can reduce dizziness and nausea.

• Anti-nausea drugs may help relieve vomiting.

• Vestibular suppressants can control symptoms temporarily.

2. Physical Therapy

• Vestibular rehabilitation exercises aim to improve balance and reduce dizziness.

• The Epley manoeuvre, a series of head movements, is often effective for BPPV.

3. Lifestyle adjustments

• Avoid sudden head movements.

• Stay hydrated and take enough rest.

4. Surgery (rare cases)

• Surgery may be necessary for severe conditions like tumours or abnormal inner ear structures.

FAQs

1. How long does vertigo usually last?

Vertigo episodes can last from a few seconds to several hours. In some cases, such as Meniere’s disease, vertigo can persist for days.

2. Can vertigo happen due to stress?

Stress doesn’t directly cause vertigo, but it can worsen symptoms or make an episode more likely.

3. Is Vertigo curable?

Some forms of vertigo, like BPPV, can be easily treated with manoeuvres or physical therapy. However, other forms may need long-term management.

Conclusion

Vertigo can really mess with your daily life and make even the simplest tasks feel like a challenge. However, this condition is manageable. Treatment can only be effective if the underlying cause is diagnosed in the first place. With proper care, medication, and lifestyle adjustments, many people diagnosed with vertigo can regain control and live normally.

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Disclaimer: This blog provides general information and discussions about health and related subjects. The information and other content provided in this blog, website or any linked materials are not intended and should not be considered or used as a substitute for medical advice, diagnosis, or treatment. Kindly contact your doctor before starting a new medicine or health regime.

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Published on May 05, 2025