Symptoms of Leukaemia in Children

What is Childhood Leukaemia?

Acute Lymphoblastic Leukaemia (ALL) is the most common type of leukaemia in children, accounting for approximately 75% of cases. It occurs when the bone marrow produces excessive immature lymphocytes (a type of white blood cell). These lymphocytes crowd out normal cells, leading to symptoms and complications. Acute Myeloid Leukaemia (AML), while less common than ALL, is more aggressive and involves the rapid growth of abnormal myeloid cells. These cells can subsequently accumulate in the bone marrow and bloodstream, interfering with the production of healthy blood cells.

Symptoms

Recognising the symptoms of leukaemia in children can be challenging, as they often mimic those of other common illnesses. However, some signs warrant closer attention and medical consultation. One should look out for the following symptoms —

• Frequent Infections:

As a result of compromised immune system, children with leukaemia may develop recurrent infections.

• Unexplained Fevers:

Persistent or recurring fevers without an obvious cause can be a red flag.

• Fatigue and Weakness:

Anaemia resulting from leukaemia can lead to chronic tiredness and general weakness.

• Easy Bruising or Bleeding:

Low platelet counts can cause children to bruise easily, have frequent nosebleeds, or bleed excessively from minor cuts.

• Bone or Joint Pain:

Leukaemia cells can accumulate near the surface of bones or within joints, causing pain.

• Swollen Lymph Nodes:

Swelling in the lymph nodes, particularly in the neck, armpit, or groin, can be an indicator.

• Pale Skin:

Anaemia may also result in pallor, making the child's skin appear unusually pale.

• Abdominal Pain or Swelling:

Enlargement of the spleen or liver can cause discomfort or a noticeable swelling in the abdomen.

• Fever or Night Sweats:

The child may start getting fever at night or get night sweats.

How to Treat Childhood Leukaemia?

Treating childhood leukaemia requires a multifaceted approach. Here are the main treatment options:

• Chemotherapy involves using medicines to kill cancer cells. In children, chemotherapy is given in several phases to achieve remission, eliminate remaining leukaemia cells, and also to prevent relapse.

• Radiation Therapy is recommended in certain cases, particularly if leukaemia has spread to the brain or central nervous system.

• Stem Cell Transplant, also known as a bone marrow transplant, can be an effective mode of treatment for some children with leukaemia. It involves replacing the diseased bone marrow with healthy stem cells from a donor.

• Immunotherapy harnesses the body’s immune system to fight cancer.