Hernia: Symptoms, Treatment and More

A hernia is a protrusion of an organ through an opening in the abdominal wall. A visible bulge, sometimes accompanied by pain or discomfort, is a common symptom. If left untreated, it can lead to serious complications. Read on to learn about the warning signs and treatment options available.

A hernia occurs when soft tissues, such as the intestine or fat, push through a weakened area of the abdominal muscles. While hernias can develop in various parts of the body, they most commonly appear in the abdomen, groin, or upper thigh. Some hernias may cause pain or discomfort, but others can be painless. Untreated hernias can lead to complications, making early diagnosis and treatment important.

Hernias often present as a visible bulge or lump under the skin, and symptoms can vary depending on the type and location. If you notice something like this, immediately seek medical attention. Your health insurance plan can cover the costs of diagnosis and treatment. Common signs include:

• Visible Bulge: This is the first and most obvious sign. The bulge may appear in the groin area (inguinal or femoral hernia), around the belly button (umbilical hernia), or at the site of a previous surgical incision (incisional hernia).

• Pain or Discomfort: Sudden pain or discomfort in the affected area while bending, coughing, or lifting heavy objects.

• Feeling of Heaviness: Some people feel a sense of weight or pressure at the site of the hernia.

• Burning Sensation: Aching or burning at the bulge due to tissue pressure.

• Constipation: Especially in hiatal hernias, where part of the stomach pushes against the diaphragm.

• Nausea or Vomiting: In severe cases, a trapped or strangulated hernia can cause intense pain, nausea, vomiting, and a red or purple bulge. This requires immediate medical attention.

Hernias develop when a weak spot in the abdominal wall allows internal tissues or organs to push through. They can be congenital (present at birth) or acquired later in life due to factors that increase pressure on the abdominal wall. Hence, it is important to have regular checkups. The cost of these checkups can be covered by cashless health insurance. Common causes include:

• Constipation: Straining during bowel movements.

• Being Overweight: Extra abdominal pressure weakens muscles.

• Chronic Cough: Persistent coughing increases abdominal strain.

• Cystic Fibrosis: Can contribute to abdominal wall weakness.

• Enlarged Prostate: Straining during urination may contribute.

• Accumulation of Abdominal Fluid: Increases pressure on the abdominal wall.

• Peritoneal Dialysis: May stress abdominal tissues.

• Pregnancy: Increases pressure and stretches abdominal muscles.

• Lifting Heavy Weights: Puts stress on the abdominal wall.

• Rigorous Exercise: Excessive strain can trigger hernia formation.

• Poor Nutrition: Weakens muscles and connective tissue.

• Ageing: Muscles naturally weaken over time.

Hernias are typically diagnosed through a physical examination, during which a doctor checks for a bulge while standing, bending, or coughing. If further evaluation is needed, imaging tests can determine the hernia’s type, size, and any associated complications. Common tests include:

• Abdominal Ultrasound: Uses sound waves to visualise the hernia.

• CT Scan: Provides detailed cross-sectional images.

• MRI Scan: Offers high-resolution images of soft tissues.

These tests are performed to determine the type and size of the hernia and to rule out other complications.

The treatment of a hernia is largely dependent on the size, area, symptoms, and other complications. Common approaches include:

1. Watchful Waiting: For mild or asymptomatic hernias, doctors may recommend monitoring for changes. Some hernias, like umbilical hernias in infants, can resolve on their own. In adults, watchful waiting is less permanent as hernias may enlarge over time.

2. Lifestyle Modification: For a hiatal hernia, lifestyle changes can help alleviate symptoms. Modifications include consuming a smaller portion of food, avoiding trigger foods, and elevating the head of the bed to reduce acid reflux.

3. Surgery: Surgical repair is the most effective treatment, often recommended to prevent growth or complications. There are two main types:

• Keyhole or Laparoscopic Surgery: Minimally invasive, performed through several small incisions. The hernia is repaired internally with a mesh, usually resulting in less pain and faster recovery.

• Open Repair: Involves a single incision near the hernia to reposition the protruding tissue. The weakened abdominal wall is reinforced using stitches or a synthetic mesh.

Hernia is not totally preventable, but reducing the strain on the abdominal wall can lower the risk. The following are some preventive measures:

• Maintaining a healthy weight.

• Consume fibre-rich food to prevent constipation.

• Keep the body hydrated.

• Consult a doctor in case of persistent cough.

• Regular exercise aids in strengthening abdominal muscles.